PTGS2
Chr 1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Also known as: COX-2, COX2, GRIPGHS, PGG/HS, PGHS-2, PHS-2, hCox-2
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
Clinical Summary— PTGS2
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Population Constraint (gnomAD)
Highly constrained gene — heterozygous loss-of-function variants are very rare in the population (pLI 1.00). One damaged copy is likely sufficient to cause disease.
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Clinical Trials
5 active or recruiting trials — potential therapeutic options may be available
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Open GeneReview ↗GeneReview available — PTGS2
Authoritative clinical overview · Recommended first read
Population Genetics & Constraint
gnomAD v4 — loss-of-function & missense intolerance
LoF intolerant — likely haploinsufficient
LoF Constraint?LOEUF (Loss-of-function Observed/Expected Upper bound Fraction) is the upper bound of the 90% CI for LoF OE — the preferred gnomAD v4 metric. Lower = more intolerant to LoF. LOEUF < 0.35 = highly constrained.
0.26LOEUF
pLI 0.996
Z-score 4.52
OE 0.10 (0.04–0.26)
Highly LoF-intolerant (top ~10% of genes)
Missense Constraint?Missense Z-score: standard deviations fewer missense variants observed vs. expected. Z > 3.09 (p < 0.001) = gene does not tolerate missense variation. OE missense < 0.6 is also considered constrained.
2.48Z-score
OE missense 0.62 (0.55–0.69)
208 obs / 335.8 exp
Moderately missense-constrained (top ~2.5%)
Observed / Expected Ratios?Shaded band = 90% confidence interval. Vertical tick = point estimate. Grey threshold line = gnomAD constraint cutoff for that variant class.
LoF OE?Ratio of observed to expected LoF variants. Upper CI bound (LOEUF) ≤ 0.35 = strong LoF constraint signal.0.10 (0.04–0.26)
0≤0.351.4
Missense OE?Ratio of observed to expected missense variants. OE ≤ 0.6 = fewer missense variants than expected by chance.0.62 (0.55–0.69)
0≤0.61.4
Synonymous OE?Control metric — synonymous variants are largely neutral and expected near OE = 1.0. Significant deviation may indicate annotation issues.1.12
0≤1.21.6
LoF obs/exp: 3 / 29.5Missense obs/exp: 208 / 335.8Syn Z: -1.07
ClinVar Variant Classifications
0 submitted variants in ClinVar
Protein Context — Lollipop Plot
PTGS2 · protein map & ClinVar variants
Showing all ClinVar variants across the protein. Search a specific variant to highlight its position.
External Resources
Links to major genomics databases and tools
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Open GeneReview ↗GeneReview available — PTGS2
Authoritative clinical overview · NCBI Bookshelf · Recommended first read
Clinical Trials
Active and recruiting trials from ClinicalTrials.gov
Genetic Predisposition to DiseaseBreathing, Mouth
Expression of Genes Relating Hypertension and Efficacy of 4-7-8 Breathing Control on Reducing Blood Pressure
RECRUITINGNCT07018128Phase NABurapha UniversityStarted 2024-10-01
Study 2: deep breathingStudy 2: 4-7-8 breathingStudy 2: slow breathing with device
Knee Osteoarthritis
NANOVAE to Treat Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA)
NOT YET RECRUITINGNCT06606561Phase PHASE1, PHASE2Nova Vita LaboratoryStarted 2025-10-01
NANOVAE - Acellular Allogenic Human Amniotic Fluid (hAF)0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
Non-Allergic Rhinitis With Eosinophilia Syndrome
Efficacy and Safety of Stapokibart in Non-Allergic Rhinitis With Eosinophilia Syndrome
NOT YET RECRUITINGNCT07240376Phase NAHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyStarted 2025-11-25
Stapokibart (CM310)Placebo
Increased Oocyte Deathin Vitro MaturationGREM1 Gene Mutation
GREM1, HAS2 and PTGS2 Gene Expression Following the in Vitro Maturation (IVM)
RECRUITINGNCT06315777Phase NANational University of MalaysiaStarted 2021-07-01
cumulus cell oocytes complex (COC) among women with poor ovarian reserve
Pancreatic Cancer MetastaticPancreatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic
The Seven Trial: Exploiting the Unfolded Protein Response
ACTIVE NOT RECRUITINGNCT06076837Phase PHASE1HonorHealth Research InstituteStarted 2025-01-09
BotensilimabBalstilimabChloroquine Phosphate
Clinical Literature
Landmark / reviewRecent case evidence
Full-Text Mentions
NLP-detected gene mentions in article bodies · via PubTator3
Studying the potential of upregulated PTGS2 and VEGF-C besides hyper-methylation of PTGS2 promoter as biomarkers of Acute myeloid leukemia.
Kiani-Zadeh M et al.·Mol Biol Rep
2022
PTGS2 as target of compound Huangbai liquid in the nursing of pressure ulcer.
Guo D et al.·Medicine (Baltimore)
2024
Suppression of lncRNA Gm47283 attenuates myocardial infarction via miR-706/ Ptgs2/ferroptosis axis
Gao F et al.·Bioengineered
2022
Identification of miRNA-mRNA Pairs in the Alzheimer's Disease Expression Profile and Explore the Effect of miR-26a-5p/PTGS2 on Amyloid-beta Induced Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Cell Model
Xie T et al.·Front Aging Neurosci
2022Functional
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene expression and its association with genes regulating the VEGF signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Kamal MV et al.·J Oral Biol Craniofac Res
2023
Top 5 full-text resultsSearch PubTator3 ↗
Key Publications
Landmark & review papers · by relevance
Single-cell atlas of human gingiva unveils a NETs-related neutrophil subpopulation regulating periodontal immunity.
Qiu W et al.·J Adv Res
2025
Identification of novel biomarkers related to neutrophilic inflammation in COPD.
Huang Y et al.·Front Immunol
2024
Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Action of Yinchen Wuling Powder for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia, Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
Ye J et al.·Biomed Res Int
2021Functional
Combining network pharmacology, machine learning, molecular docking and molecular dynamic to explore the mechanism of Chufeng Qingpi decoction in treating schistosomiasis.
Liu M et al.·Front Cell Infect Microbiol
2024Functional
Identification of potential ferroptosis-associated biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis.
He X et al.·Front Immunol
2023
Top 5 results · since 2015Search PubMed ↗
Recent Gene-Specific Literature
Gene in title · MEDLINE · newest first
Kaempferol reprograms pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization by targeting the PTGS2-PGE2 axis: A multi-omics deconvolution of a traditional anti-inflammatory herb pair.
Chen H et al.·Biochem Pharmacol
2026
Integration of multi-omics and machine learning to reveal the anti-osteoporosis effects of Hederagenin by inhibiting lipid peroxidation via the GPX4/p-STAT1/PTGS2 axis.
Lu J et al.·Biochem Pharmacol
2026
Naringin Alleviates Knee Osteoarthritis by Targeting TNF-α and PTGS2: An Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Simulation, and Experimental Validation Study.
Zhou H et al.·Int J Mol Sci
2026
Triptonide-mediated PTGS2 Inhibition Induces Autophagic Cell Death to Suppress the Progression of Triple-negative Breast Cancer and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.
Gong K et al.·Int J Biol Sci
2026Open Access
Circ_0075691 regulates lipid metabolism in granulosa cells by interacting with EIF4A3 to promote PTGS2 mRNA stability.
Huang P et al.·Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
2026
Top 5 resultsSearch Europe PMC ↗
External Resources
Links to major genomics databases and tools